The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both petrol (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s.
Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-dc. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles.
Current requirement is that all transport vehicles carry a ntness certificate tnat is renewed each year after the first two years of new vehicle registration.
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On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 – 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarised in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1. Indian Emission Standard (Four Wheeler):
Standard | Reference | Date | Region |
India 2000 | EURO 1 | 2000 | Nationwide |
2001 | National Capital Region (NCR); Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai | ||
Bharat Stage II | EURO 2 | 2003-04 | National Capital Region (NCR); Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru. Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra |
2004-05 | Nationwide | ||
Bharat Stage III | EURO 3 | 2004-05 | National Capital Region (NCR): Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru. Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra |
2004-10 | Nationwide | ||
Bharat Stage IV | EURO 4 | 2004-10 | National Capital Region (NCR); Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra |
The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities.
Table 6.2. Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, G/kWh:
Year | Reference | CO | HC | NOx | PM |
1992 | — | 17.3-32.6 | 2.7-3.7 | — | — |
1996 | — | 11.20 | 2.40 | 14.4 | — |
2000 | EURO I | 4.5 | 1.1 | 8.0 | 0.36 for engines < 85 kW 0.612 for engines below 85 kW |
2005 | EURO II | 4.0 | 1.1 | 7.0 | 0.15 |
2010 | EURO III | 2.1 | 0.66 | 5.0 | 0.10 |
For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (EURO 2) is applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (EURO 3) standards are come in force from 2008.
Table 6.3. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg), g/km:
Year | Reference | CO | HC | HC + NOx | PM |
1000 | — | 17.3-32.6 | 2.7-3.7 | — | |
1996 | — | 5.0-9.0 | — | 2.0-4.0 | — |
2000 | EURO 1 | 2.72-6.90 | — | 0.97-1.70 | 0.14-0.25 |
2005 | EURO 2 | 1.0-1.5 | — | 0.7-1.2 | 0.08-0.17 |
Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 6.4.
Table 6.4. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh:
Year | Reference | CO | HC | NOx | PM |
1992 | — | 14.0 | 3.5 | 18.0 | — |
1996 | — | 11.20 | 2.40 | 14.4 | — |
2000 | EURO I | 4.5 | 1.1 | 8.0 | 0.36 for engines ≤ 85 kW 0.612 for engines below 85 kW |
2005 | EURO II | 4.0 | 1.1 | 7.0 | 0.15 |