Psychology Question Bank – 230 MCQs on "Psychological Research Methods" – Part 2

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230 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers on “Psychological Research Methods” for Psychology Students – Part 2:

101. Which one of the following is regarded as the very breath of an experiment?

(a) Independent Variable

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(b) Dependent Variable

(d) Experimental Control

(e) None of the above

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102. When large groups of interconnected facts are considered together in a consistent manner, we get a/an:

(a) Scientific theory

(b) Non-scientific theory

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(d) Authentic theory

(e) None of the above

103. Experimental method starts with some problems which have:

(a) No solution for a brief time span

(b) No adequate solution

(d) No hypothesis

(e) None of the above

104. When we assign numbers to objects, events or mental phenomena, we obtain a:

(a) Scale

(b) Rule

(d) Measure

(e) None of the above

105. Interval Scales have:

(a) Equal appearing units

(b) No equal appearing units

(d) No mathematical Design

(e) None of the above

106. We find a true zero in a/an:

(a) Interval Scale

(b) Ordinal Scale

(d) Ratio Scale

(e) None of the above

107. Method of rating or Method of successive catagories is otherwise called as:

(a) Interval Scale

(b) Method of Introspection

(d) Method of graded dichotomies

(e) None of the above

108. The first rating scale was developed by:

(a) Starch (1910)

(b) Diggory (1953)

(d) Galton (1883)

(e) J. B. Watson (1913)

109. The method of ranking was formerly known as the method of:

(a) Order of Merit

(b) Order of Steps

(d) Constant Intervals

(e) None of the above

110. The method of ‘paired comparison’ was introduced by:

(a) Watson

(b) Galton

(d) Weber

(e) Fechner

111. While studying colour preferences, the method of ‘paired’ comparison’ was introduced by Cohn in:

(a) 1148 AD

(b) 1481 AD

(d) 1894 AD

(e) 1418 AD

112. From the following, who is the first scientist to undertake systematic and statistical investigations of individual differences?

(a) 1. P. Pavlov

(b) C. E. Spearman

(d) Francies Galton

(e) William Mc Dougall

113. The term “mental tests” was first employed by:

(a) Spearman

(b) Binet

(d) Cattell

(e) Mc Daugall

114. According to P. T. Young, a comprehensive study of a social unit be that a person, a group, a social institution, a district or a community is called a:

(a) Case study

(b) Cultural study

(d) Group Study

(e) None of the above

115. Ex-Post Facto Research is a systematic empirical enquiry in which the scientist does not have direct control of:

(a) Independent Variables

(b) Dependent Variables

(d) Controlled Variables

(e) None of the above

116. A laboratory experiment is a research study in which the variance of all the possible influential independent variables not pertinent to the immediate problem of the investigations is kept at a:

(a) Maximum

(b) Constant level

(d) Minimum

(e) None of the above

117. A research study in a realistic situation in which one or more independent variables are manipulated by the experimenter under as carefully controlled conditions as the situation permit is known as:

(a) A field experiment

(b) A situational experiment

(d) Observational study

(e) None of the above

118. The variables in a field experiment operate more strongly than those used in:

(a) Case study

(b) Introspective method

(d) Observational Method

(e) None of the above

119. The field experiments have the advantage of investigating more fruitfully the dynamics of interrelationships of:

(a) Small groups of Variables

(b) Large groups of Variables

(d) Independent Variables

(e) Dependent Variables

120. Which type of research is approached through the methods of personal interviews, mailed questionnaires and personal discussions besides indirect oral investigation?

(a) Case Study

(b) Field Study

(d) Observation

(e) Experimentation

121. Which type of research is a product of developmental programming that has been adopted on a very large scale in the recent years more practically particularly after Second World War when most of the Third World Countries emerged on the development scene?

(a) Case Study

(b) Survey Research

(d) Evaluation Research

(e) None of the above

122. A research through launching of a direct action with the objective of obtaining workable solutions to the given problems is known as:

(a) Action Research

(b) Survey Research

(d) Experimentation

(e) None of the above

123. A proposition which can be put to determine its validity is called:

(a) Variable

(b) Error

(d) Problem

(e) None of the above

124. The least noticeable value of a stimulus is called:

(a) Stimulus Threshold

(b) Response Threshold

(d) Problem

(e) None of the above

125. Which method is regarded as the most preferred method of psychology?

(a) Observation

(b) Introspection

(d) Experimental Method

(e) Action Research

126. “I bet this will happen if I do this” design of experimentation otherwise known as:

(a) Exploratory Experimentation

(b) Case Study

(d) Survey Research

(e) None of the above

127. To ensure that the influence of all relevant variables is the same for all the subjects and does not change during the experimental period is the main objective of:

(a) Experimental Error

(b) Experimental Control

(d) Hypothesis Testing

(e) None of the above

128. Field Study method is the method of:

(a) Laboratory Observation

(b) Situational Observation

(d) Occasional Observation

(e) None of the above

129. In studying the public opinion:

(a) Field Study method is applied

(b) Action Research is applied

(d) Scaling method is applied

(e) None of the above

130. Which scale represents the lowest level of measurement and imparts the least information?

(a) Nominal Scale

(b) Ordinal Scale

(d) Ratio Scale

(e) None of the above

131. Which Scale has an absolute zero at the point of origin?

(a) Ordinal Scale

(b) Interval Scale

(d) Ratio Scale

(e) None of the above

132. The method of selecting a portion of the universe with a view to drawing conclusion about the universe ‘in toto’ is known as:

(a) Scaling

(b) Leveling

(d) Sampling

(e) None of the above

133. How many samples out of 100 samples drawn from a given population, the researcher wants, should represent the true population estimates is known as:

(a) The confidence level

(b) The sampling level

(d) The experimental level

(e) None of the above

134. The most common method of sampling in marketing researches and election polls is:

(a) Random Sampling

(b) Stratified Random Sampling

(d) Proportionate Stratified Sampling

(e) Cluster Sampling

135. Itemized rating scales are otherwise known as:

(a) Numerical Scales

(b) Rank Order Scales

(d) Comparative Scales

(e) None of the above

136. The men of medicine of the ancient as well as the modern tribal groups are masters in the techniques of:

(a) Suggestion and Hypnosis

(b) Experimentation

(d) Field Study

(e) None of the above

137. In India, the first psychological laboratory was started in the year 1916 in Calcutta University and the second in 1923 in Mysore University. Both these laboratories are the result of the endeavour of:

(a) Prof. K. Kautilya

(b) Prof. B. Sinha

(d) Prof. R. N. Rath

(e) None of the above

138. In Observation Method, there is a tendency to read one’s own thought and feeling into other’s mind. This may be otherwise called:

(a) Projection

(b) Sublimation

(d) Rationalization

(e) None of the above

139. In the field of sensation, psychologists can easily gather valuable information’s by the help of:

(a) Survey Method

(b) Introspection Method

(d) Clinical Method

(e) None of the above

140. When a person is becoming angry, if he starts observing and studying his state of mind simultaneously, he will not be able to show his anger. The moment he starts observing his own anger, it may subside. This problem can be partially solved by observing the experience after it is over. This is popularly known as:

(a) Retrospection

(b) Introjection

(d) Identification

(e) None of the above

141. There are some people in the world who can move objects which are away from them without using any form of physical force. In psychology, this phenomenon is called:

(a) Psychoanalysis

(b) Telepathy

(d) Psychokinesis

(e) Leviation

142. The story of the Bible affirms that St. Peter walked on the surface of water. Among the Indian mystics, Padmapada, a disciple of Adi Sankar is reported to have walked across water, his steps being supported by lotus flowers. In psychology, this form of mysterious behaviour is popularly known as:

(a) Leviation

(b) Telepathy

(d) Precognition

(e) None of the above.

143. Some people are able to know and predict events long before others can. This process is popularly known as:

(a) Telepathy

(b) Precognition

(d) Psychokinesis

(e) None of the above

144. Some people in this world who are able to understand the thought processes of other individuals who are far away and perhaps even influence them without any form of contact. In psychology, this phenomenon is popularly known as:

(a) Telepathy

(b) Precognition

(d) Psychokinesis

(e) None of the above

145. A recent development of “Applied Social Psychology” which is concerned with the application of psychology in solving the problems of particular communities of people like village community, the urban community and the socially backward community etc. is popularly known as:

(a) Community Psychology

(b) Group Psychology

(d) Criminal Psychology

(e) None of the above

146. Non-naturalistic observations on children may be contrived in a:

(a) Society

(b) Group

(d) School

(e) None of the above

147. Projective test is a:

(a) Non-naturalistic Observation

(b) Naturalistic Observation

(d) Internal Observation

(e) None of the above

148. The qualitative changes occurring in behavioural characteristics of the child leading towards maturity is otherwise known as:

(a) Development

(b) Growth

(d) Learning

(e) Intelligence

149. The earlier concepts of “Child Development” started with the:

(a) Birth of the Child

(b) Death of the Child

(d) Phallic Stage

(e) Second year of the Child

150. The concept which refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same persons when re-examined with the same test on different occasions is known as:

(a) Validity

(b) Reliability

(d) Error Variance

(e) None of the above

151. Experimental Analysis enables us to discern lawful relationships between antecedents and consequents involved in:

(a) Behaviour

(b) Experience

(d) Attitude

(e) None of the above

152. When large groups of interconnected facts are considered together in a consistent manner, we get a:

(a) Scientific Theory

(b) Critical Problem

(d) Confirmed Fact

(e) None of the above

153. Suppose you have a glass of milk and with a measuring glass you continue to add half a c.c. of plain tea at every step, till your friend reports a change in judgement in the colour of the milk. The quantity of tea added, has just crossed what is just termed as:

(a) Illusion

(b) Absolute Threshold

(d) Just Noticeable Difference

(e) None of the above

154. Suppose one Experimenter (E) in psychology firmly believes that Brahmin children are inherently superior to the Harijan children. Naturally he would never think of home environment as an explanation. This is a very obvious example of:

(a) Experimenter’s Bias

(b) Subject’s Bias

(d) Response Error

(e) None of the above

155. Which one of the following approaches tries to analyze human behaviour in terms of stimulus-response units acquired through the process of learning, mainly through instrumental conditioning?

(a) Cognitive Approach

(b) Dynamic and Psychoanalytic Approach

(d) Existential Approach

(e) Organismic, Wholistic and Self Approach

156. The approach which has its roots in Gestalt Psychology is popularly known as:

(a) Wholistic Approach

(b) Stimulus-Response-Behaviouristic Approach

(d) Cognitive Approach

(e) None of the above

157. Which approach emphasises the role of instinctual processes and their modification in the course of interaction with the society?

(a) Dynamic and Psychoanalytic Approach

(b) Cognitive Approach

(d) Stimulus-Response-Behaviouristic Approach

(e) None of the above

158. Which approach placed emphasis on human existence—the need to establish a sense of personal identity and to build meaningful links with the world?

(a) Cognitive Approach

(b) Dynamic and Psychoanalytic Approach

(d) Existential Approach

(e) None of the above

159. Existentialism tries to reach modern man, offer him help in terms of clarifying his values, work out a meaningful and purposive existence. Psychologists who shaped this approach were:

(a) Rollo May, R. D. Laing and Erick Fromm

(b) G. W. Allport, R. B. Catell and H. J. Eysenk

(e) None of the above

160. The system which still survives very nearly in its rigid forms is:

(a) Cognitive Approach

(b) Dynamic and Psychoanalytic Approach

(d) Existential Approach

(e) None of the above

161. Which approach tells us that under normal conditions the Organism is not a passive recipient of stimuli but an active, seeking and striving entity trying to master the environment and also master itself?

(a) Organismic, Wholistic and Self Approaches

(b) Dynamic and Psychoanalytic Approach

(d) Existential Approach

(e) None of the Above

162. Psychologists are sometimes interested to study consciousness even though they have no method of observing it directly except by using:

(a) ‘Inference’ as the only tool

(b) ‘Experimentation’ as the only tool

(d) ‘Introspection’ technique

(e) None of the above

163. The term “unconscious motivation” describes the key idea of:

(a) Structuralism

(b) Functionalism

(d) Behaviourism

(e) None of the above

164. The psychologists who are especially concerned with increasing the efficiency of learning in school by applying their psychological knowledge about learning and motivation to the curriculum are popularly known as :

(a) Experimental Psychologists

(b) Clinical Psychologists

(d) Educational Psychologists

(e) Social Psychologists

165. In some developed countries like U.S A. and U.K. many psychologists are engaged for diagnosing learning difficulties and trying to remedy them. These psychologists are popularly called:

(a) School Psychologists

(b) Social Psychologists

(d) Industrial Psychologists

(e) Organisational Psychologists

166. Today, private and public organizations also apply psychology to problems of management and employee training, to supervision of personnel, to improving communication within the organization, to counselling employees and to alleviating industrial strife. The applied psychologists who do this work are sometimes called:

(a) Personnel Psychologists

(b) Organizational Psychologists

(d) Social Psychologists

(e) None of the above

167. A person who uses the particular psychotherapeutic techniques which originated with Sigmund Freud and his followers is called:

(a) A psychoanalyst

(b) A psychiatrist

(d) A clinical psychologist

(e) None of the above

168. Finding the causes of behaviour from a number of observations is called:

(a) Inductive reasoning

(b) Observational technique

(d) Introspection

(e) None of the above

169. The clinical method is ordinarily used only when people come to psychologists with:

(a) Social problems

(b) Personal Problems

(d) Internal problems

(e) None of the above

170. The technique of regulating various variables in an experiment is called:

(a) Independent Variable

(b) Dependent variable

(d) Controlled variable

(e) None of the above

171. Psychologists with the Biological perspective try to relate behaviour to functions of:

(a) Body

(b) Mind

(d) Unconscious

(e) Subconscious

172. A little girl Leny pushed Bapula, her brother, off his tricycle. She learned to behave this way because the behaviour paid off in the past, in other words, she learned to act aggressively in certain situations because she was rewarded for such behaviour in the past. With which perspective, a psychologist can study this type of problem?

(a) Biological Perspective

(b) Behavioural Perspective

(d) Social Perspective

(e) Developmental Perspective

173. The perspective which is concerned with characteristic changes that occur in people as they mature is known as:

(a) Developmental Perspective

(b) Biological Perspective

(d) Psychoanalytic Perspective

(e) Cognitive Perspective

174. A person’s sense of self is emphasized by:

(a) Psychoanalytic Perspective

(b) Biological Perspective

(d) Cognitive Perspective

(e) Humanistic Perspective

175. A key psychodynamic idea is that when unconscious impulses are unacceptable or when they make us anxious; to reduce anxiety, we use:

(a) Defense Mechanisms

(b) Super ego

(d) Dreams

(e) Frustration

176. The distinction between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist is that:

(a) A clinical psychologist normally holds a Ph.D. or M.A. degree or Psy. D. (Doctor in Psychology) and a psychiatrist holds an MD degree

(b) A clinical psychologist holds a Ph.D. degree in Psychology and a psychiatrist holds both Psy. D. degree and Ph.D. degree

(d) A clinical psychologist has a special training in psychotherapy and a psychitrist holds M.A. degree in Psychology

(e) A clinical psychologist holds an M.A. degree in Psychology and a psychiatrist holds Ph.D. degree in Psychology

177. The Subject “Psychology” was formally recognised in Germany in the year:

(a) 1789

(b) 1668

(d) 1897

(e) 1968

178. To study Abnormal Psychology means, to study mainly the nature of:

(a) Conscious Mind

(b) Unconscious Mind

(d) Normal Mind

(e) Abnormal Mind

179. Sigmund Freud is regarded as the father of:

(a) Psychoanalysis

(b) Behaviourism

(d) Gestalt Psychology

(e) Stnicturalism

180. The unit of Sociology is the ‘Group’, whereas the unit of Psychology is the:

(a) Stimulus

(b) Individual

(d) Institution

(e) None of the above

181. The branch of psychology which (teals with the study of animal behaviour is known as:

(a) Social Psychology

(b) Abnormal Psychology

(d) Comparative Psychology

(e) None of the alxrve

182. The father of ‘Experimental Psychology’ is:

(a) Wilhelm Wundt

(b) Sigmund Freud

(d) E. B. Titchener

(e) William James

183. For the first time, the word ‘Psychology’ was used by:

(a) Rudolf Goeckle

(b) Sigmund Freud

(d) E. B. Titchener

(e) C.G. Jung

184. The literal meaning of ‘Psychology’ is:

(a) Science of Behaviour

(b) Science of Soul

(d) Science of Mind

(e) Science of Temperament

185. Rudolf Goekle used the word ‘Psychology’ for the first time in:

(a) 1590 AD

(b) 1950 AD

(d) 1509 AD

(e) 1905 AD

186. Psychology as the ‘Science of Mind’ was defined by:

(a) Psychoanalysis

(b) Behaviourists

(d) Ancient Greek Philosophers

(e) None of the above

187. Scientific Psychology came into existence during:

(a) 19th Century

(b) 20th Century

(d) 17th Century

(e) 15th Century

188. E. B. Titchener (1867-1927) defined ‘Psychology’ as the science of:

(a) Soul

(b) Mind

(d) Conscious Experience

(e) Behaviour

189. J. B. Watson defined ‘Psychology’ as the science:

(a) Soul

(b) Behaviour

(d) Consciousness

(e) Experience

190. Psychology was defined as the “Science of Behaviour” by:

(a) Functionalists

(b) Structuralists

(d) Behaviourists

(e) None of the above

191. Who defined ‘Psychology’ as the scientific study of activities of the organism in relation to its environment?

(a) J. B. Watson

(b) Sigmund Freud

(d) William James

(e) Woodworth

192. Any systematically organised body of verified knowledge about a certain class of facts and events is known as:

(a) Science

(b) Experiment

(d) Fact

(e) Theory

193. Psychology is:

(a) A social Science

(b) A Natural Science

(d) Both Natural and Social Science

(e) None of the above

194. Behaviouristic School was established by:

(a) William James

(b) W. Kohler

(d) K. Koffka

(e) I. P. Pavlov

195. The most effective method of studying psychology is:

(a) Experimental Method

(b) Observation Method

(d) Survey Method

(e) Clinical Method

196. Anything which evokes a response in the Organism is called:

(a) Stimulus

(b) Thing

(d) Incidence

(e) None of the above

197. A systematic study of facts according to a reliable and correct method of study is called a:

(a) Biological Study

(b) Social Technique

(d) Methodology

(e) None of the above

198. That, which cannot be observed by another person, is called:

(a) Experience

(b) Activity

(d) Exercise

(e) Event

199. The first psychological laboratory was established in Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt in the year:

(a) 1789

(b) 1879

(d) 1798

(e) 1897

200. “S-R” concept was first established by:

(a) J. B. Watson

(b) Wilhelm Wundt

(d) C. G. Jung

(e) 1. P. Pavlov

201. Who defined psychology as the science of immediate experience with consciousness being the main subject matter?

(a) E. B. Titchener

(b) Wilhelm Wundt

(d) William James

(e) Only (a) and (b)

202. Rejecting the concept of “S-R” connectionism, “S-O-R” concept was developed by:

(a) Sigmund Freud

(b) C. G. Jung

(d) Woodworth

(e) J.B. Watson

203. Woodworth’s approach to define Psychology is:

(a) Constant

(b) Fluctuating

(d) Complex

(e) Simple

204. The occurrence of ‘O’ in “S-O-R” concept is responsible in regulating the behaviour of the Organism and making psychological activity:

(a) Complex

(b) Fixed

(d) Puzzled

(e) Complex to certain extent

205. Who defined Psychology as the Science of Consciousness to be studied by introspection for the purpose of answering three basic questions, ‘What’, “How” and “Why”?

(a) E. B. Titchener

(b) J. B. Watson

(d) Wilhelm Wundt

(e) C.G. Jung

206. After E. B. Titchener’s definition, which relationship, to serve the very purpose of Psychology, was lost?

(a) “S-R”

(b) “S-O-R”

(d) “S-P-R”

(e) None of the above

207. The study of the interaction of heredity and environment is made by:

(a) Physiological Psychologists

(b) Child Psychologists

(d) Educational Psychologists

(e) Industrial Psychologists

208. In recent years, physiological psychology is getting attached to the developing science of:

(a) Psychology

(b) Sociology

(d) Physiology

(e) Neurophysiology

209. Introspective Method is otherwise known as:

(a) Self Observation Technique

(b) Subjective Observation

(d) Experimentation

(e) Only (a) and (b)

210. Field Observation is always:

(a) Subjective

(b) Objective

(d) Complex

(e) Very Simple

211. The simplest experimental method is that in which the “E” manipulates:

(a) One Variable

(b) Two Variables

(d) Four Variables

(e) Five Variables

212. Regulating the “Relevant Variable” is called:

(a) Hypothesis

(b) Constant Error

(d) Antihypothesis

(e) None of the above

213. When more than one independent variable works in an experimental situation, it is called:

(a) Situational Crisis

(b) Interaction

(d) Variable Crisis

(e) None of the above

214. It does not possible or even desirable to rule out the differential effects of all relevant variables by means of experimental control. In such instances psychologists employ controlled conditions by mathematical methods. This is called:

(a) Statistical Control

(b) Mathematical Control

(d) Physiological Control

(e) Experimental Control

215. Gestalt School was founded by:

(a) Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)

(b) Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1937)

(d) Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)

(e) None of the above

216. The Behavioristic School was established by J. B. Watson in the year:

(a) 1914

(b) 1915

(d) 1916

(e) 1910

217. The theory of evolution was propounded by:

(a) William James (1842-1910)

(b) Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)

(d) John Deway (1859-1952)

(e) None of the above

218. The central theme of “Structural Psychology” was borrowed from:

(a) Physics and Biology

(b) Biology and Chemistry

(d) Physics and Chemistry

(e) None of the above

219. The founder and principal exponent of psychoanalysis is:

(a) Sigmund Freud

(b) E. B. Titchener

(d) Alfred Adler

(e) None of the above

220. Clinical Psychology deals with the practical aspect of:

(a) Experimental Psychology

(b) Educational Psychology

(d) Abnormal Psychology

(e) Comparative Psychology

221. Who has constructed the first intelligence test as a psychologist and made important contributions to our understanding of the thought process?

(a) William James

(b) Alfred Binet

(d) J.B. Watson

(e) None of the above

222. In 1913, C. G. Jung has established his own school which was popularly known as:

(a) Psychoanalysis

(b) Individual Psychology

(d) Child Psychology

(e) None of the above

223. The concepts like “Introspection” and “Conscious Experience” are associated with:

(a) Functionalism

(b) Behaviourism

(d) Gestalt Psychology

(e) Psychoanalysis

224. Which Law deals with the least noticeable differences in different stimuli?

(a) Gestalt Law

(b) Weber-Fechner Law

(d) James Law

(e) Binet Law

225. A provisional theory to explain observed facts is known as:

(a) Construct

(b) Theory

(d) Event

(e) Fact

226. Wilhelm Wundt setup the first psychological laboratory in 1879 at the University of:

(a) L.N.M.U.

(b) Toronto

(d) Leipzig

(e) None of the above

227. A German Psychologist, H. Ebbinghaus, had done pioneering experiments on:

(a) Perception

(b) Memory

(d) Thinking

(e) Emotion

228. An experiment has been aptly described as a:

(a) Question put to self

(b) Question put to

(d) Question put to nature stimuli

(e) None of the above

229. An experiment is set up to confirm or refute some:

(a) Hypotheses

(b) Questions

(d) Events

(e) None of the above

230. Psychology has come into existence as a separate discipline a little over:

(a) A hundred years ago

(b) Two hundred years ago

(d) Four hundred years ago

(e) None of the above

Answers

101. (d) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104. (a) 105. (a) 106. (d) 107. (d) 108. (d) 109. (a) 110. (c) 111. (d) 112. (d) 113. (d) 114. (a) 115. (a) 116. (d) 117. (a) 118. (c) 119. (a) 120. (c) 121. (d) 122. (a) 123. (c) 124. (a) 125. (d) 126. (c) 127. (b) 128. (c) 129. (a) 130. (a) 131. (d) 132. (d) 133. (a) 134. (c) 135. (a) 136. (a) 137. (c) 138. (a) 139. (b) 140. (a) 141. (d) 142. (a) 143. (b) 144. (a) 145. (a) 146. (c) 147. (a) 148. (a) 149. (a) 150. (b) 151. (a) 152. (a) 153. (b) 154. (a) 155. (c) 156. (d) 157. (a) 158. (d) 159. (a) 160. (b) 161. (a) 162. (a) 163. (c) 164. (d) 165. (a) 166. (a) 167. (a) 168. (a) 169. (b) 170. (c) 171. (a) 172. (b) 173. (a) 174. (e) 175. (a) 176. (a) 177. (c) 178. (b) 179. (a) 180. (b) 181. (d) 182. (a) 183. (a) 184. (b) 185. (a) 186. (d) 187. (a) 188. (d) 189. (b) 190. (d) 191. (e) 192. (a) 193. (a) 194. (c) 195. (a) 196. (a) 197. (c) 198. (a) 199. (b) 200. (a) 201. (e) 202. (d) 203. (c) 204. (c) 205. (a) 206. (c) 207. (b) 208. (e) 209. (e) 210. (b) 211. (a) 212. (c) 213. (b) 214. (a) 215. (a) 216. (c) 217. (c) 218. (d) 219. (a) 220. (d) 221. (b) 222. (c) 223. (c) 224. (b) 225. (c) 226. (d) 227. (b) 228. (c) 229. (a) 230. (a)

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