1566 Words Essay on Industrial Revolution in India

In any country, be it least developed under developed or advanced, the industrial sectors from the sheet anchor for the generation and development of country’s productive forces. There is a strong case for industrialization of countries like India which has vast manpower, large and varied resources and continental dimensions.

The first plan was not as important as far as industrial development is concerned. Of the total expenditure of Rs. 1,960 crores in the plan the industrial sector received Rs. 55 crores which was 2.8 percent during the second five year plan (1956-61).

Three new plants were set up in the public sector and the capacity of the two existing steel works in the private sector was doubled. In this plan new steel plants got a severe jolt. The share of industrial sector was Rs. 938 crore which is 20.1 per cent of the total plan and three plans the progress was significant.

Thereafter for nearly three years, the economy was subjected to considerable stress and strain. Many industries were severely affected by the shortage of raw materials and exponent arising from the pause in external aid in 1965.

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Total expenditure under the third plan was Rs. 8577 crore of which the share of industrial sector was Rs. 1,726 (20.1 percent). In the fourth plan (1969-74) the performance of the industrial sector fell short of expectation, both in terms of production and investment.

On an average, the growth rate in industry was around 5 percent which was much below the targeted growth rate of 8 percent envisaged in the plan. Main objectives of fifth plan (1979-80) were self-reliance and growth with social justice. The revised fifth plan provided a total outlay of Rs. 10,135 crore in organized industry and mining.

This accounted for nearly 26 percent of the public sector outlay of the fifth plan. During this annual growth rate was only 5.3% which was much below the target. The sixth plan (1980-85) intended to work within the development strategy of structural diversification, modernization and self- reliance.

The aggregate resources allotted to industry and mineral worked to be Rs. 22,187 crore i.e. 22.8 percent of the total progress of the industrial growth during the sixth plan. The total investment in industry in seventh plan (1985-90) was Rs. 22,460 crore or 12 percent of the plan outlay.

The actual average rate of growth during the seventh plan worked out at 8.4 percent annum. Thus the target was exceeded as the expected growth rate was 8 percent.

In the eight plans (1992-97) the economy was liberalized eighth plan below that the desired growth of different sectors could be achieved primarily through modification in industrial trade and fiscal policies.

During the Eighth Plan the private sector had come of age and had developed considerable entrepreneurial management, technological, financial and marketing strength. The overall outlay envisaged in the eight plans for public sector was Rs. 40,670 crores.

The basic purpose of this allocation was to upgrade technology in this sector and bring it to international levels. The overall industrial growth rate was fixed at 8 percent per annum for the eighth plan.

Industrial Policy-At the time of independence Indian industries were facing many problems such as shortage of raw materials, bad industrial relations and marketing facilities etc. However after independence, government made various industrial policies to solve their problems.

First Industrial policy resolution of 1948

The first industrial policy gave emphasis to industry where state had a monopoly (arms and ammunition etc.) there also existed mixed sector industries (coal, iron and steel etc.) Government controlled industries (automobiles, heavy machinery etc.) and private industries. The industrial policy resolution also stressed the importance of cottage and small scale industries.

Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956

This resolution changed mixed economy approach by giving more importance to public sector. The private sector was given a fair and non­discriminatory treatment in the resolution. It encouraged village and small industries.

The resolution brought out the importance of removing regional disparities in our country. A sufficient attention was paid by the resolution for providing facilities to labourers. Industrial Policy 1970

The government announced a new industrial policy in February 1970. The NIP was in accordance with the recommendation of the Dutta Committee and Administrative Reforms Commission. Following was the basic features of the NIP 70.

(1) This policy provided that there should be a class of core industries consisting of basic, critical and strategic industries in economy.

(2) All new investment prepositions of over Rs. 5 crore shall be deemed to be in the heavy investment sector.

(3) The joint sector concept should be accepted in principle.

(4) The existing policy of reservation for the small sector will be continued.

(5) The exemption limit from licensing provision will be raised to Rs. 1 lakhs.

Industrial Policy of 1980:

The main objectives of 1980 industrial policy were the revival of economy, effective operational management of public sector, promotion of industries in rural areas, removal of regional imbalance, concessions for industries engaged in research and development of optimum utilization of installed capacity.

Industrial Policy 1999 the basic aim of new policy were to

(a) Consolidate the strengths built up during the last four decades of economic planning and to build on the gains already made.

(b) Correct the weakness that may have crept in the industrial structure as it has developed over the last four decades.

(c) Maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment.

(d) To attain international competitiveness government has decided to liberalize industrial licensing policy, foreign investment, foreign technology agreement, public sector policy and MRTP for the sake of realization of objectives of the policy. The new industrial policy has abolished industrial licensing. The new industrial policy has also scrapped the asset limit of MRTP companies.

Industries in India

Iron & Steel Plants

Copper Production Plants

Copper is produced at three centres:

1. Maubhandar near Ghatsila in Singhbhumi district (Jharkhand)

2. Khetri in Jhunjhunu district (Rajasthan)

3. Balaghat district of (Madhya Pradesh)

Lead Zinc Smelting Plants

!n India there are 5 smelting plants of Lead Zinc

1. Alwaye (Kerala)

2. Debari (Rajasthan)

3. Chanderia (Rajasthan)

4. Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)

5. Hindustan Zinc Limited situated of Tundoo (near Dhanbad, Jharkhand). The supply of lead concenterates in made from Zawar Dariba areas/ regions of Rajasthan.

Major Ship Building Centres

1. Hindustan Ship yards (Vishakapatnam)

2. Mazgaon Dock (Mumbai)

3. Cochin Shipyard (Cochin)

4. Garden Reach Workship (Kolkata)

Major Railway Equipment Plants

Cotton Textile Production Centre

1. Saharanpur, Moradabad, Agra, Aligarh, Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi (All in UP)

2. Gwalior, Ujjain, Dewas, Indore, Burhanpur (All in MP)

3. Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Porbandar, Vadodra, Surat (All in Gujrat)

4. Jalgaon, Aurangabad, Nagpur, Wardha, Pune, Sangli, Solapur, Kolhapur (All in Maharashtra)

5. Hubli, Bellary, Devangere, Bangalore, Myssore (All in Karnataka)

6. Salem, Coimbatore, Thanjuvar, Madurai, Tuticorin, Tirunvelli (All in Tamil Nadu)

7. Warangal, Hyderabad, Gunture (All in AP)

8. Murshidabad, Kolkata, Haora, Hugli (All in Bengal)

Major Industrial Regions of India

1. Mumbai Pune Region

2. Hugli Region

3. Bangalore Tamil Nadu region

4. Gujrat Region

5. Chhotanagpur Region

6. Vishakhapatnam Guntur region

7. Gurgaon Delhi Meerut region

8. Kottam Thiruvanthapuram region

Minor Industrial Regions

1. Ambala-Amristar region

2. Saharanpur-Muzaffarnagar-Bijnaur region

3. Indore-Dewas region

4. Jaipur-Ajmer region

5. Kolhapur-South-Kannada region

6. Northern Malabar region

7. Middle Malabar region

8. Allahabad-Varanasi-Mirzapur region

9. Bhojpur-Munghur region

10. Durgapur-Raipur region

11. Bilaspur-Korba region

12. Brahmaputra Velley region

13. Adilabad-Nizamabad region

Industrial Districts

(1) Kanpur, (2) Agra, (3) Hyderabad, (4) Nagpur, (5) Gwalior, (6) Bhopal, (7) Lucknow, (8) Jalpaiguri, (9) Cuttack, (10) Gorakhpur, (11) Aligarh, (12) Kota, (13) Purnia, (14) Jabalpur, (15) Bareily.

Software Technology Parks (STP)

(1) Sri Nagar, (2) Mohali, (3) Chandigarh, (4) Noida, (5) Jaipur, (6) Indore, (7) Pune, (8) Mumbai, (9) Hyderabad, (10) Bangalore, (11) Mysore, (12) Coimbatore, (13) Chennai, (14) Vishakhapatna, (15) Hyderabad, (16) Bhubhneshwar, (17) Kolkata, (18) Guwahati, (19) Gandhinagar.

Metallic Minerals

Silver Rajasthan, Bihar, Karnataka

Tin Bihar

Tangsten Rajasthan, Bengal

Uranium Kerala, Bihar, Rajasthan

Zinc Rajasthan

Non-Metallic Mineral

Mineral Producing State

Asbestos Andhra Pradesh, Bihar

Ballclay Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan

Barytes Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra

Calcito Rajasthan, Gujrat

China clay Rajasthan, Bengal

Corundum Karanataka, Maharashtra

Diamond MP, Orissa

Dolomite MP, Orissa

Felsper Rajasthan, TN

Fire clay Bihar, Gujrat

Flourite Gujrat, Rajasthan

Graphite Orissa, Rajasthan

Gypsum Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh

Kyamte Bihar, Maharashtra

Limestone MP, TN

Magnetite TN, UP

Marble Rajasthan

Mica Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh

Ochre Rajasthan, MP

Pyrites Bihar

Sulphur TN

Quartz Andhra Pradesh

Quantzites Orissa, Bihar

Silica sand UP, Gujrat

Sillimanite Maharashtra, Meghalaya